Hepatoblastoma
Clinical features Fig 76 – Hepatoblastoma – Clusters of uniform small appearing cells with high N: C ratio (H&E) Immunocytochemistry Genetic studies Differential diagnosis Main points
Embryonal sarcoma
Clinical features Fig 80 – Embryonal Sarcoma- Cellular smear with mesenchymal clusters in a myxoid matrix (Giemsa) Immunocytochemistry Genetic studies Rearrangements of chromosomal band 19q13.4, t (11; 19) (q13; q13.4) Differential diagnosis Main points
VI – LIVER
Teratoma
Mature teratoma is not a cytological diagnosis. The presence of an immature or malignant component in a tumour cannot be ruled out through FNA. Clinical features Fig 63 – Teratoma –Testicular teratoma – Adipose cells, epithelial cylindrical cells and a three-dimensional group of poorly differentiated epithelial cells. Macrophages can be seen in the background (H&E) […]
Germinoma/seminoma
Clinical features Fig 66 – Germinoma – High cellular smear composed of large single cells with abundant cytoplasm admixed with lymphocytes. Tigroid background (Giemsa) Histochemical stains Immunocytochemistry) (see Table 1) Differential diagnosis Main points
Yolk sac tumour
Clinical features Fig 69- Yolk sac tumor – Papillary aggregates of pleomorphic tumor cells (H&E) Immunocytochemistry (see Table 1) Histochemical stains Differential diagnosis
Embryonal carcinoma
Clinical features Fig 73 – Embryonal carcinoma – Cohesive group of pleomorphic tumor cells, with moderate amount of vacuolated cytoplasm. Necrosis in the background (Giemsa) Immunocytochemistry (see Table 1) Modern diagnostic techniques Differential diagnosis Table 1- Immunophenotype of germ cell tumours Marker: Seminoma Yolk sactumour Embryonalcarcinoma Choriocarcinoma AE1/AE3) +/- + + + PLAP + […]
V- GERM CELL TUMOURS
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Clinical features Fig 58 – Juvenile Xanthogranuloma –Numerous histiocytes in a loosely cohesive group, is simulating a granulomatous arrangement. Inflammatory cells dispersed in the background (H&E) Immunocytochemistry Modern Techniques of Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Main points
Langerhans histiocytosis
Clinical features Fig 60 – Langerhans Histiocytosis – Cellular smears with multiple single Langerhans cells. These cells have convoluted nuclei and prominent grooves and fine vesicular chromatin. Eosinophils in the background (H&E) Special Stains and Immunocytochemistry Differential Diagnosis Main Points