Lymph Node
Introduction Lymph nodes were probably the first organs to be investigated by fine needle cytology (FNC) and the last in which this technique has been accepted by clinicians as a useful diagnostic procedure. Risk of seeding, false negatives, failure to discriminate between reactive hyperplasia and lymphoma, have been put forward as a limitation or useless […]
Pancreas
On completion of this section the cytotechnologist should Know: the anatomy and histology of the pancreas indications of fine needle aspiration slide preparation methods indications of biliary brushing the reporting terminology cytologic features of benign acinar and ductal epithelial cells cytologic features of acute and chronic pancreatitis cytologic features of pancreatic pseudocysts cytologic features of […]
Cervical cytology
Authors: Amanda Herbert The cervical chapters comprise the following material: Introduction Anatomy, histology and function of the cervix Cervical cancer epidemiology and aetiology Cervical cancer worldwide and in Europe HPV as a causative agent and other risk factors Pathogenesis of cervical cancer and its precursors CIN and squamous cell carcinoma AIS and adenocarcinoma Presentation, stage […]
Spleen
General Nodular or diffuse splemomegalies may be determined by several causes; in most cases, clinical and serological data are diagnostic but there are still rare conditions or equivocal clinical presentations in which a direct evaluation may be useful. FNC of the spleen was first used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and was then extensively used […]
Breast
Author: Jerzy Klijanenko On completion of this section the cytotechnologist should Know: The anatomy and histology of the breast The indications for fine needle aspiration (FNA) The sampling and preparation methods The reporting terminology for breast cytology The cytologic features of benign and malignant nipple secretions The evaluation criteria of FNA cytology The cytologic features of […]
Thyroid
On completion of this section the cytotechnologist should know: the anatomy and histology of the normal thyroid the role of the thyroid hormones and the control of their production the incidence of thyroid nodules and the diseases which can present as thyroid nodules the diagnostic tests in thyroid nodules the indications of thyroid fine needle […]
Urinary Tract
On completion of this section the cytotechnologist should know: the anatomy of the urinary tract the histology of urothelium the specimen collection methods the preparation techniques the cytology of normal urine cytologic features of inflammatory conditions cytologic features of urothelial carcinoma cytologic features of other types of carcinoma
Effusions
Author (V2.0): Francesco Mauri On completion of this section the cytotechnologist should know: the physiopathology of the effusions the collection and preparation methods the role of cytology in effusions the reporting terminology cytologic features of normal mesothelial cells and inflammatory cells cytologic features of atypical mesothelial cells and the causes of mesothelial atypia cytologic features of […]